In this blog post, we will examine the autobiographical elements in Balzac’s ‘The Lily of the Valley’, the depiction of the Touraine landscape, and the significance of the characters within ‘The Human Comedy’.
“The Lily of the Valley” and “The Human Comedy”
“The Lily of the Valley” was serialized in ‘Le Revue de Paris’ in 1835, when Balzac was 36 years old, and was published as a standalone book in 1836. Although it did not attract much attention at the time, it is now considered one of Balzac’s major works. In Korea, ‘The Old Goriot’ is relatively well-known, leading to the perception that sharp and satirical social commentary is Balzac’s specialty; however, Balzac’s literary world is vast and diverse.
Balzac’s series ‘La Comédie humaine’ consists of over 90 novels and short stories and is divided into three major sections: ‘Studies of Manners’, ‘Studies of Philosophy’, and ‘Studies of Analysis’. In particular, “Studies of Manners” is further subdivided into “Scenes of Private Life,” “Scenes of Country Life,” “Scenes of Parisian Life,” “Scenes of Political Life,” “Scenes of Military Life,” and “Scenes of Rural Life.” This title, modeled after Dante’s “Divine Comedy,” reveals the author’s ambition; Balzac sought to meticulously recreate reality through his vast body of work. ‘The Lily of the Valley’ belongs to the “Scenes of Country Life” section of this series.
‘The Human Comedy’ is not a continuous epic novel; rather, each novel possesses its own independent theme, plot, and characters, though the same characters frequently reappear across multiple works. In some cases, the protagonist of one work may simply appear or be mentioned in another, while other characters make repeated appearances across multiple works. For example, the Duchess of Langeais, Madame de Beauséant, and Madame d’Églomont, whom Félix recalls, were all protagonists in other novels by Balzac. In this way, the “Human Comedy” is a microcosm of the world we live in, a stage where characters live and breathe, and where all human emotions, virtues, and vices unfold.
This vast literary universe encompasses a wide range of genres, including realistic social depictions, psychological dramas, romance novels, detective stories, and fantasy novels. Among them, ‘The Lily of the Valley’ is considered a work in which Balzac’s romantic sensibility is particularly pronounced, and it is often regarded as a classic example of the romance novel in the history of French literature.
Fact and Fiction
‘The Lily of the Valley’ incorporates many biographical facts and emotions from Balzac’s own life. Feeling ashamed to reveal details of his private life, he asserted in the preface to the first edition that “I have not spoken of myself anywhere,” yet in the same text, he acknowledged that the plot was “partially true” and that he had drawn on events he had witnessed and experienced. Subsequently, his collected letters and biographers have uncovered many parallels between the novel’s content and the author’s actual life.
Like the author Honoré, the novel’s protagonist Félix has an unhappy childhood; though he feels love for his parents, they are cold toward him. The various episodes Félix experiences in his youth resemble Balzac’s own experiences. Balzac later resented his mother so deeply that he even referred to her as a “monster.”
Madame Morsoff resembles Madame Berni, the woman Balzac fell for when he first entered society in his early twenties. The terms Balzac used in his letters to refer to Madame Berni—such as “angel,” “mother,” “goddess,” and “sister”—are used verbatim when Felix praises Madame Morsoff. Moreover, Madame Berni’s health was already precarious at the time the novel was written, and she passed away in the very month the book was published. However, the real Madame Berni was not the chaste and virtuous figure that Madame Morsoff is; she was known for her relationships with several lovers. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that Madame Morsoff, as the noble figure in the novel, was created based on Berni’s image.
In addition, several other characters—such as Count Morsoff, Lady Dudley, and Nathalie de Manerville—were created by combining elements of people in the author’s circle. Balzac, who frequented high society and had a reputation for womanizing, encountered a wide variety of female and male archetypes, and these experiences were reflected in his character creation.
Just as important as the characters is the landscape of the Touraine region. The scenery of Touraine, Balzac’s beloved hometown, and the banks of the Indre River are lyrically recreated in his works. From his early works onward, Touraine frequently appeared in his writing; this place provided the author with peace and rest and served as a wellspring of inspiration. In his works, the landscape transcends a mere backdrop to reflect the characters’ psychology and exert a decisive influence on their lives.
The idyllic evening scenery amplifies the emotions of Félix and the Countess, while the barren fields that follow symbolize their withering hearts and the Countess’s dying state. For the Count and Countess, the Indre Valley serves as a place of healing, yet it is also an inescapable, lonely prison. Madame Morsoff is a product of Touraine, and as part of the Touraine landscape, the scenes where Felix intuitively senses her presence give the impression that she is a single flower blooming in this valley. “If that woman, the flower among all women, lives anywhere in the world, it must be right here!… She was the lily of this valley. She had blossomed under the grace of heaven, and her noble fragrance filled the valley.” Thus, even at the moment of her death, it feels as though the entire countryside is mourning with her.
While this novel focuses more on psychological portrayal than social depiction, historical events such as the Restoration and Napoleon’s Hundred Days provide an important backdrop. Count Morsoff is a living witness to the political upheavals of the late 18th and early 19th centuries; after experiencing exile following the Revolution, he returned home during Napoleon’s reign and married the daughter of his family. Though a staunch royalist, he was forced to decline a government post when Louis XVIII was restored to the throne due to his health, which had deteriorated during exile, and his lack of experience.
In contrast, the Countess’s father returned to a high-ranking position, and her mother re-entered the center of Parisian high society. Against this backdrop, Félix enters Parisian high society through his wife’s introduction and achieves political success by earning the king’s trust through a dangerous mission during Napoleon’s brief return. The appearance of Louis XVIII lends historical authenticity to the work. While Balzac does not portray figures from the court and the aristocracy in an unconditionally positive light, he reveals his monarchist leanings through a benevolent perspective. In this way, contemporary French history intertwines with the novel’s plot, serving as a crucial factor in determining the characters’ fates.
Characters
The characters, events, and settings in Balzac’s novels are rooted in actual facts yet are reborn through the author’s vast creative power, forming Balzac’s unique fictional world. Thus, when immersed in Balzac’s novels, one tends to discover his characters in the real world rather than seeking out real-life human types. In France, the expression “Balzacian character” has even become a common noun.
Balzac focused on exploring all types of human characters and the laws governing society, recreating them within his novels. In the preface to ‘The Human Comedy’, he argues that since the laws of nature apply to humans, it is valid to study society like a zoologist. In other words, just as animal species vary according to climate and environment, humans are divided into various types based on their environment, social class, and occupation. In this regard, he can be understood as a writer who observes nature and society to present these types.
“The Lily of the Valley” also features a variety of character types, and even the secondary characters possess distinct traits. Count Morsoff is a quintessential aristocrat returning from exile and, as befits the husband in a romantic drama, is an unpleasant, demanding, yet oblivious figure. Lady Dudley’s cold and frivolous disposition is portrayed as a product of British culture, revealing Balzac’s characteristic French antipathy.
King Louis XVIII and the Duke of Renoncourt—the father of Madame de Morsoff and a loyal subject—represent the court of a bygone century, while even doctors and priests are depicted as archetypes of their respective professions. In this way, Balzac broadly illustrates the social norms and human relationships of the era through the diverse human types that make up society.
Character Analysis
In contrast, the protagonist, Félix, is a multidimensional character who undergoes significant changes; in this respect, the work is classified as a Bildungsroman. His life unfolds from infancy through young adulthood; while the central events of the novel actually take place over a mere six years, this period becomes a turning point that profoundly influences Felix’s entire life. The years up to his early twenties, briefly introduced at the beginning of the novel, are essential for understanding the subsequent developments.
Having been repressed and starved of affection during his childhood and adolescence, Felix is swept up in an irresistible passion the moment he sees Madame Morsoff and devotes himself to her with blind love. Madame Morsoff, too, feels a kinship with him due to her own unhappy childhood and envelops him with maternal affection. However, Felix is not satisfied with platonic love; driven by instinctive desire, he enters into a sensual relationship with Madame Dudley in Paris. Through these events, Balzac seeks to present a causal explanation of the psychological trajectory that led Felix to fall in love with the Countess and, ultimately, to betray her.
Felix is both the narrator and the most complex character in this novel. He can be viewed from various angles: in his youth, he was innocent, but as his masculinity emerged, he awakened to physical pleasure; shocked by the death of the woman he loved, he lived as a bachelor before finding a new lover again. He can thus be read as an ordinary, vulnerable man who laughs and cries because of women.
On the other hand, one can sense a romantic soul in his rich sensitivity during his youth, his devotion to Countess Morsoff, and the guilt and profound remorse he felt after betraying her; at times, however, hypocritical traits are also observed. In any case, seeing him earn the king’s trust through his sincere attitude—as judged by Countess Morsoff—leaves the impression of a capable and ambitious figure who does not stray far from reason.
The central figure of this novel, and a character as multidimensional and distinctive as Félix, is undoubtedly Countess Morsoff, known as the “Lily of the Valley.” She is one of the characters in whom Balzac’s creative genius shines most brightly; as the author hints in the preface, the internal struggle between Countess Morsoff and her passions in a valley along the Indre River possesses a grandeur comparable to famous battles.
The reason Countess Morsoff moves readers is not merely her saintly image—one of enduring adversity, devoting herself to her family, and sharing only a spiritual connection with the man she loves. As a human being, she wages a fierce and solitary internal battle to uphold her loyalty to her family and her religious convictions, even while consumed by burning passion. It is this aspect that makes us both sympathize with her and look up to her.
Her profound turmoil during the scene where Félix spreads rumors of an affair with Mrs. Dudley is deeply human. Balzac meticulously reveals the agonizing time she is going through through her changed demeanor, expressions, and tone of voice. Faced with the crisis of her long-held ethical and religious beliefs crumbling, she is overcome by the doubt, “Have I lived a meaningless life until now?” Just as Jesus agonized in the Garden of Gethsemane, she endures and overcomes this internal conflict, making her appear all the more magnificent.
In fact, the scenes of the lady’s death and funeral overlap with those of the deaths of Jesus and the martyrs, and her final moments are deeply imbued with Christian symbolism as well as the theosophical elements that Balzac was interested in. The doctrines of Saint Martin, the preacher whom the lady’s aunt revered as a spiritual pillar, are quoted and introduced in several places. These teachings view human life as a process of transformation toward a sublime destiny; they contain ascetic and spiritual lessons that advocate casting aside norms that corrupt duty, accepting life’s tribulations with resignation, and regarding suffering as trivial by relying on a maternal love for angels. This story can also be read as an allegory about a woman who, having endured worldly misfortunes and resisted temptation throughout her life, ultimately ascends to heaven and becomes an angel.
Although Balzac was not a devout believer himself, he believed that religion played a role in enlightening the masses and establishing social order. Madame Morsoff, who engaged in active charitable work after her death, represents the ideal aristocratic figure depicted by the author; she is a character who practices the spirit of “noblesse oblige,” just as she advised Félix. Balzac’s conservatism is a form of idealism that envisions a society where those in authority wisely govern and care for those below them, and where everyone fulfills their respective duties within the framework of Christian brotherhood.
The various ventures Madame Morsoff undertakes in Clochegourd hold significance beyond mere wealth accumulation and align with this utopian vision. This tendency is even more pronounced in Balzac’s other novels in the “Provincial Scenes” series, such as ‘The Country Doctor’ and ‘The Country Priest’. However, it could be argued that the plausibility is somewhat lacking in the parts where Madame Morsoff displays business acumen and social insight, which is unusual for a young woman who has never left the countryside. Balzac also uses her voice to express his own thoughts on society at length. Like the characters in whom Balzac projected himself, Madame Morsoff encounters human limitations, but she transcends those limitations spiritually and rises to a higher plane.
Theme and Structure
As we have seen, ‘The Lily of the Valley’ is a work that encompasses the characteristics of a romance novel, a psychological novel, and a coming-of-age novel. While it may be a stretch to call it a social novel, it is not entirely devoid of such elements. Above all, however, this work reads as a romance novel; while continuing the traditional lineage of love between a married woman and an unmarried man, it creates a new type of narrative in its own right.
Notable precedents include Madame de Lafayette’s ‘The Princess of Clèves’ and Stendhal’s ‘The Red and the Black’. Both the Princess of Clèves and Madame de Morsoff remained faithful to their husbands, but while the Princess of Clèves chose to flee for the sake of social honor, Madame de Morsoff held her ground out of Christian self-sacrifice. In particular, there are many similarities when compared to ‘The Red and the Black’. While they share common elements—such as the same historical setting, a young man who becomes involved with a rural aristocratic family, a wife torn between her children and love, and a protagonist who rises to prominence—there are significant differences in the characters’ personalities and the overall themes.
Julien Sorel in ‘The Red and the Black’ is ambitious and admires Napoleon, while Madame de Rênal is constantly torn between guilt and love following her affair. If Julien is a true Romantic protagonist who acts according to his passions to the very end, Félix is a character who generally conforms to social norms and achieves success. Later, when Flaubert wrote ‘The Education of the Heart’, he had ‘The Lily of the Valley’ in mind; while ‘The Lily of the Valley’ idealized love, ‘The Education of the Heart’ exposes its vulgar and realistic aspects, presenting contrasting perspectives. In this way, novelists develop the clichéd theme of “adulterous love” in different ways to express distinct themes. ‘The Lily of the Valley’ focuses on the greatness of spiritual love as it struggles against worldly love, which is bound by the chains of the flesh and society. Which form of love to choose is left to the reader.
In terms of form, the novel’s most notable features are its epistolary elements and first-person narration. However, since only two letters are exchanged—a long confession from Felix to Natalie and her reply—it is closer to a frame story than a strict epistolary novel. Nevertheless, considering that this work is a courtship and confession directed at his current lover, there is ample room for a multidimensional reading.
Given that Felix is the narrator, his story must be received with a certain degree of detachment. Since all narration is conveyed from his perspective, there is a high likelihood of a lack of objectivity, and while it is unlikely that the narrator is intentionally lying, the possibility that he has misled the reader by omitting important facts cannot be ruled out. This brings to mind cases where the reader is deceived by the concealment of crucial facts, as in Agatha Christie’s ‘The Murder of Roger Ackroyd’, though ‘The Lily of the Valley’ does not employ such extreme methods. However, a reading that questions what lies hidden between the lines—a “skeptical” reading—is possible. For example, due to the narrator’s lack of consistency, it may not be clear to what extent Mrs. Morse revealed her love to Felix.
Furthermore, the motif of “letters” plays a significant role in the plot. Through a long letter, Madame Morsoff introduces Felix to society and confides her true feelings. One of the greatest delights of this work is the revelation of Madame Morsoff’s heart at the end. While a conflict between her love for Felix and her sense of duty was implied, her letter—presented as a candid confession—is so shocking that it sheds new light on the entire novel from a different angle. In a sense, it allows us to reread the same story from Madame Morsov’s perspective.
The shift in tone brought about by Natalie’s reply at the end is also striking. Representing the realistic reader, Natalie casts a cool, objective gaze upon Felix’s story, serving to awaken the reader from a dream that was both sad and sweet. Is Natalie a heartless seductress, or a pragmatic woman? Is Felix a calculating hypocrite, or a pure soul who is simply clumsy in love? “The Lily of the Valley” is a work open to multiple interpretations and multi-layered readings.
